Prajwal Thapa, Jinu Nyachhyon, Mridul Sharma, Bal Krishna Bal (2024). Development of Pre-Trained Transformer-based Models for the Nepali Language. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.15734

Surendrabikram Thapa, Kritesh Rauniyar, Farhan Ahmad Jafri, Surabhi Adhikari, Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran, Bal Krishna Bal, Hariram Veeramani, and Usman Naseem (2025). Natural Language Understanding of Devanagari Script Languages: Language Identification, Hate Speech and its Target Detection. . In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Challenges in Processing South Asian Languages (CHiPSAL 2025), pages 71–82, Abu Dhabi, UAE. International Committee on Computational Linguistics.

Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran, Surendrabikram Thapa, Sana Shams, Ashwini Vaidya, and Bal Krishna Bal (2025). A Brief Overview of the First Workshop on Challenges in Processing South Asian Languages (CHiPSAL). In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Challenges in Processing South Asian Languages (CHiPSAL 2025), pages 1–8, Abu Dhabi, UAE. International Committee on Computational Linguistics.

Binaya Kumar Chaudhary, Bal Krishna Bal, and Rasil Baidar. 2020. Efforts Towards Developing a Tamang Nepali Machine Translation System. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 281–286, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Bal B.K., Regmi S., Kafle K. (2019). How Popular or Unpopular Have Your Leaders Been - Popularity Tracking and Trend Analysis of Socio-Political Figures. . In: Kravets A., Groumpos P., Shcherbakov M., Kultsova M. (eds) Creativity in Intelligent Technologies and Data Science. CIT&DS 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1084. Springer, Cham

Bajracharya, R., Regmi, S., Bal, B.K., & Prasain, B. (2018). Building a Natural Sounding Text-to-Speech System for the Nepali Language - Research and Development Challenges and Solutions. Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced Languages.

Santosh Regmi, Bal Krishna Bal and Marina Kultsova. (2017). Analyzing Facts and Opinions in Nepali Subjective Texts.. IISA 2017, The 8'th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications,28-30 August, 2017, Larnaca, Cyprus.

Nirajan Pant and Bal Krishna Bal. (2016). Improving Nepali OCR Performance by Using Hybrid Recognition Approaches.. IISA 2016, The 7th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications, 13-15 July, 2016, Porto Carras Grand Resort, Chalkidiki, Greece.

Lal Bahadur Reshmi Thapa and Bal Krishna Bal. (2016). Classifying Sentiments in Nepali Subjective Texts.. IISA 2016, The 7th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications, 13-15 July, 2016, Porto Carras Grand Resort, Chalkidiki, Greece.

Chandan Prasad Gupta and Bal Krishna Bal. (2015). Detecting Sentiment in Nepali texts: A bootstrap approach for Sentiment Analysis of texts in the Nepali language.. In Proceedings of the Cognitive Computing and Information Processing (CCIP), 2015 International Conference, IEEE, 3-4 March, 2015 - Noida, India.

Santosh Regmi and Bal Kriishna Bal. (2015). What makes Facts stand out from Opinions? Distinguishing Facts from Opinions in News Media.. In: Kravets A., Shcherbakov M., Kultsova M., Shabalina O. (eds) Creativity in Intelligent Technologies and Data Science. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 535. Springer, Cham.

Bal Krishna Bal (2014). Analyzing Opinions and Argumentation in News Editorials and Op-Eds.. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA), Special Issue on Natural Language Processing

Bal Krishna Bal, Patrick Saint-Dizier (2010). Towards Building Annotated Resources for Analyzing Opinions and Argumentation in News Editorials. LREC, Malta, Nicoletta Calzolari (Eds.), ELRA, May 2010.

Bal Krishna Bal. 2009. Towards Building Advanced Natural Language Applications - An Overview of the Existing Primary Resources and Applications in Nepali. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Asian Language Resources (ALR7), pages 165–170, Suntec, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Bal Krishna Bal, Patrick Saint-Dizier (2009). Who Speaks for Whom? Towards Analyzing Opinions in News Editorials. International Symposium on Natural Language Processing (IEEE-SNLP 2009), Bangkok, October 2009
 

Bal Krishna Bal (2009). Towards an Analysis of Opinions in News Editorials: How Positive was the year?. n Proceedings of the 8'th International Conference on Computational Semantics, Pages 260-263, Tilburg, January 2009. Copyright 2009 International Conference on Computational Semantics.

Jinu Nyachhyon, Mridul Sharma, Prajwal Thapa, Bal Krishna Bal (2024). Consolidating and Developing Benchmarking Datasets for the Nepali Natural Language Understanding Tasks. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.19244

Swornim Nakarmi, Sarin Sthapit, Arya Shakya, Rajani Chulyadyo, and Bal Krishna Bal. 2024. Nepal Script Text Recognition Using CRNN CTC Architecture. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Under-resourced Languages @ LREC-COLING 2024, pages 244–251, Torino, Italia. ELRA and ICCL.

Shabdapurush Poudel, Bal Krishna Bal, and Praveen Acharya. 2024. Bidirectional English-Nepali Machine Translation(MT) System for Legal Domain. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Under-resourced Languages @ LREC-COLING 2024, pages 53–58, Torino, Italia. ELRA and ICCL.

Bal Krishna Bal, Balaram Prasain, Rupak Raj Ghimire, Praveen Acharya (2024). Strategies for Corpus Development for Low-Resource Languages: Insights from Nepal. Book Chapter in Automatic Speech Recognition and Translation for Low Resource Languages, Editor(s): L. Ashok Kumar, D. Kathika Renuka, Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi, Thomas Mandl, Print ISBN: 9781394213580, Online ISBN: 9781394214624, DOI: 10.1002/9781394214624, © 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLC

Regent Nanda Vaidya, Bal Krishna Bal (2024). Deep Learning Approach for Offline Nepali Handwritten Word Recognition. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Analysis of Images, Social Networks and Texts

Ishan Dongol and Bal Krishna Bal. 2023. Transformer-based Nepali Text-to-Speech. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 651–656, Goa University, Goa, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Shishir Paudel, Bal Krishna Bal, and Dhiraj Shrestha. 2023. Large Vocabulary Continous Speech Recognition for Nepali Language using CNN and Transformer. In Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge, pages 328–333, Vienna, Austria. NOVA CLUNL, Portugal.

Bal Krishna Bal (2023). Roadmap for the Development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based Technologies in Low-Resource Settings. Bhasha Lok, Annual Magazine of the Language Commission Nepal.

Pankaj Raj Dawadi, Manish Pokharel, Bal Krishna Bal (2023). An Approach to Enhance the Character Recognition Accuracy of Nepalese License Plates.. n: Khanna, A., Polkowski, Z., Castillo, O. (eds) Proceedings of Data Analytics and Management . Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 572. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7615-5_67

Bal Krishna Bal (2022). Role of Language Technologies in the Promotion and Preservation of Languages. Bhasha Lok, Annual Magazine of the Language Commission Nepal

Utsav Maskey, Manish Bhatta, Shiva Raj Bhatta, Sanket Dhungel, Bal Krishna Bal (2022). Nepali Encoder Transformers: An Analysis of Auto Encoding Transformer Language Models for Nepali Text Classification. Proceedings of SIGUL2022 @LREC2022, pages 106–111,Marseille, 24-25 June 2022. © European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licensed under CC-BY-NC-4.0

Bal Krishna Bal (2022). Enabling a Multilingual Teaching Learning Environment through Machine Translation Technologies - Current Status and Prospects of Nepal. Journal of Nepalese Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, Pages 28-36

Sunil Regmi and Bal Krishna Bal. 2021. An End-to-End Speech Recognition for the Nepali Language. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 180–185, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Sameer Kharel, Mikael Fernstrom, Bal Krishna Bal (2021). Omnichannel Heuristics for E-commerce. Proceedings of the 34'th British HCI Conference (HCI2021), July 20-21, 2021

Birat Bade Shrestha and Bal Krishna Bal. 2020. Named-Entity Based Sentiment Analysis of Nepali News Media Texts. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Natural Language Processing Techniques for Educational Applications, pages 114–120, Suzhou, China. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Umesh Hengaju, & Dr Bal Krishna Bal (2020). Improving the Recognition Accuracy of Tesseract-OCR Engine on Nepali Text Images via Preprocessing. Advancement in Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, 3(3)

Oyesh Mann Singh, Sandesh Timilsina, Bal Krishna Bal, Anupam Joshi (2020). Aspect Based Abusive Sentiment Detection in Nepali Social Media Texts. 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM), December 7-10, 2020

Rupak Raj Ghimire, Bal Krishna Bal, and Prakash Poudyal. 2023. Active Learning Approach for Fine-Tuning Pre-Trained ASR Model for a Low-Resourced Language: A Case Study of Nepali. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 82–89, Goa University, Goa, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Sharad Duwal, Bal Krishna Bal (2019). Efforts in the Development of an Augmented English-Nepali Parallel Corpus. Proceedings of the Language Technologies for All (LT4All) , pages 375–378 Paris, UNESCO Headquarters, 5-6 December, 2019

Abiral Adhikari, Prashant Manandhar, Reewaj Khanal, Samir Wagle, Praveen Acharya, and Bal Krishna Bal. 2024. Profanity and Offensiveness Detection in Nepali Language Using Bi-directional LSTM Models. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 515–521, AU-KBC Research Centre, Chennai, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Bipesh Subedi, Sunil Regmi, Bal Krishna Bal, and Praveen Acharya. 2024. Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Low-resource Languages: A Study on Named-Entity Recognition (NER) and Part-Of-Speech (POS) Tagging for Nepali Language. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), pages 6974–6979, Torino, Italia. ELRA and ICCL.

Bipesh Subedi and Bal Krishna Bal. 2022. CNN-Transformer based Encoder-Decoder Model for Nepali Image Captioning. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 86–91, New Delhi, India. Association for Computational Linguistics.

Bipesh Subedi, Saugat Singh, and Bal Krishna Bal (2023). Nepali Video Captioning using CNN-RNN Architecture. International Conference on Technologies for Computer, Electrical, Electronics & Communication (ICT-CEEL 2023), 11’th - 13’th October 2023, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Maharjan G., Bal B.K., Regmi S. (2019). Named Entity Recognition (NER) for Nepali. . In: Kravets A., Groumpos P., Shcherbakov M., Kultsova M. (eds) Creativity in Intelligent Technologies and Data Science. CIT&DS 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1084. Springer, Cham

Acharya, P., & Bal, B.K. (2018). A Comparative Study of SMT and NMT: Case Study of English-Nepali Language Pair. Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced Languages.

Rupak Raj Ghimire, Bal Krishna Bal, Balaram Prasain, Prakash Poudyal (2023). Pronunciation-Aware Syllable Tokenizer for Nepali Automatic Speech Recognition System. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 36–43, Goa University, Goa, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Ghimire, R.R., Bal, B.K. (2017). Enhancing the Quality of Nepali Text-to-Speech Systems. In: Kravets, A., Shcherbakov, M., Kultsova, M., Groumpos, P. (eds) Creativity in Intelligent Technologies and Data Science. CIT&DS 2017. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 754. Springer, Cham.

Rupak Raj Ghimire, Bal Krishna Bal, Prakash Poudyal (2023). A Comprehensive Study of the Current State-of-the-Art in Nepali Automatic Speech Recognition Systems. International Conference on Technologies for Computer, Electrical, Electronics & Communication (ICT-CEEL 2023), 11’th - 13’th October 2023, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Rupak Raj Ghimire, Prakash Poudyal, and Bal Krishna Bal. 2024. Improving on the Limitations of the ASR Model in Low-Resourced Environments Using Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON), pages 408–415, AU-KBC Research Centre, Chennai, India. NLP Association of India (NLPAI).

Rupak Raj Ghimire, Prakash Poudyal, and Bal Krishna Bal. 2025. Improving Accuracy of Low-resource ASR using Rule-Based Character Constituency Loss (RBCCL). In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Challenges in Processing South Asian Languages (CHiPSAL 2025), pages 61–70, Abu Dhabi, UAE. International Committee on Computational Linguistics.